CSP Vocab

CSP Vocab

CSP Vocab

Shell Vocab

pwd: print working directory
echo: used to display line of text/string that are passed as an argument
cd: offers way to navigate and change working directory
ls: lists computer files in Unix and Unix-like operating systems
env: show setting for your shell
git clone: sets up a director of files
cd $project: allows user to move inside that directory of files
.git: a hidden directory that is used by git to establish relationship between machine and the git server on GitHub

Python Vocab

string: a sequence of words that are surrounded by quotation marks (they are usually printed)
variable: a line of code that is defined to complete a certain action
input: requires input from the user
output: prints information for the user to see
function: a group of code that does something
string concatenation: “+” , which is used to combine strings and variables
conditional expressions: if, then expressions that require and input or something to be true

Agile Methodology

Scrum Master: facilitates the sprint by tracking issues and maintaining the scrum board
DevOps: philosophies, practices, and tools that increases an team’s ability to deliver applications and services at high velocity
- version control, integration, managing dependencies (requirements.txt), AWS deployment are some of the key functions that impact velocity
Development Team: creates the product
- Frontend: builds the visual part of the website
- Backend: builds the actions and server-type things
Creativity: ability to fix problems
Critical Thinking: thinking how to fix the problem
Communication: helps the team run smoothly without problems in ideas
Collaboration - Leadership: taking control over certain areas and helping others
Collaboration - Teamwork: similar to Collaboration with Teamwork
Researching: helps find solutions to problems
Technical: making solutions to problems that need solutions

The Internet

Path: sequence of directly connected computers that send and receive information
Computer System: a group of computers and programs that work together to do something
Computer Device: a physical machine that runs a program
Bandwidth: maximum amount of data that is sent in a fixed amount of time
Route: process of finding a path from the sender to the receiver
Computer Network: group of connected computers that are capable of sending/receiving data

Unit 2

Bits
- a binary digit that is used to store data on a computer
- 010010 - each number on here is one bit
Bytes
- a group of binary digits that operate as a unit
- 0100101 - this is a byte, a group of bits
Hexadecimal
- a numbering system with 16 symbols that can include digits and letters
- #0000FF - the color blue in hexadecimal
Nibbles
- 4 binary digits, an 8 bit byte
- these are half a byte
- one hexadecimal digit covers one nibble
Binary Numbers:
- Unsigned Integer
  - integers that don’t have a positive of a negative assigned to them
  - always whole numbers and positive
- Signed Integer
  - integers that include a positive or negative
  - useful in math
- Floating Point
  - arithmetic that represents approximate real numbers
Binary Data Abstractions:
- Boolean
  - a system of algebraic notation that represents a logical action
- ASCII
  - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
  - the most common character encoding format for text data in computers and on the internet
- Unicode
  - information technology standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world’s writing systems
  - helps translate between different languages with character ids
- RGB
  - hexadecimal values assigned to red, green, and blue
  - creates color on computers
Data Compression:
- Lossy
  - the amount of data that is stored in the image is reduced to reduce file size
  - this is created from a compressed file back to the original but without perfect resolution
- Lossless
  - the reconstructed data is perfectly reconstructed from compressed data

Unit 3

Variables
- Variables - abstraction that holds value
Data Types
- integer - numbers
```
var a = 1
```
- string - text/letters
```
var a = "hello"
```
- boolean - true/false statements
```
var a = 1
a = True
```

Assignment Operators

used to do simple algebra

+ 2 = a
* 2 = a
/ 2 = a
- 2 = a

Managing Complexity with Variables:
- Lists
  - store multiple elements in a list, allows for more strings to be stored
  - lists allow for a lot of data to be stored into one line of code, allowing for cleaner code and less work with creating variables
    list = ["a", "b", "c"]
- 2D Lists
  - lists with multiple parts, two dimensions
    list = [ ["a", "b", "c"], ["a", "b", "c"], ["a", "b", "c"] ]
- Dictionaries
  - store data as values with keys k, v
    thisdict = { "brand": "Ford", "model": "Mustang", "year": 1964 }
- Class
  - object constructor/blueprint for creating objects ```bash class MyClass: x = 5
  p1 = MyClass() print(p1.x) ```
Algorithms
- set of instructions that accomplish a task
  - iteration
  - selection
  - sequencing
    def add(): x + y = z print(z)
Sequence
- a list of steps in order to complete a certain task
Selection
- allows an algorithm to make a decision based on if a condition is met, an example of this is when your car is out of fuel, you go to the gas station to fill your car, but if your car is full you wouldn’t go to the gas station
- if/then statements
```
if x > 0:
print("yes")
else:
print("no")
```
Iteration
- loops of code to complete a certain task
```
while x == 0
print("0")
```
Expressions
- a way to do math in code
```
1 + 1 = b
print(b)
# 2
```

Comparison Operators

compares two values and then outputs an answer

a = 9
b = 5
# Output
print(a > b)

a = 9
b = 5
# Output
print(a != b)

Booleans Expressions and Selection
- uses true/false statements, expressions to compare values and selection with if/then statements to generate an output
```
a = True
if a == True:
a = False
print("a is false")
```
Booleans Expressions and Iteration
- uses true/false statements, expressions to compare values and loops the comparisons
```
a = True
if a == True:
while a == True:
  print("a is true")
```
Truth Tables
- table for a logical operator containing each variable and all possible input and output results of that operator
- OR: one input must return true
- AND: all inputs must return true
- XOR: only one input can be true
Characters
- a single letter, number, symbol, or other element
Strings
- sequence of characters
```
a = "apple"
```
Length
- number of characters it contains
```
a = "apple"
print(len(a))
```
Concatenation
- combining two or more strings into a single string ```bash a = “apple” b = “banana”
conc = a + b ```
Upper
- convert a string to all uppercase
```
a = "apple"
print(a.upper())
```
Lower
- convert a string to all lowercase ```bash a = “apple” print(a.lower())
Traversing Strings
- access each character in the string one by one, use a for loop to do this
```
a = "apple"
for x in a:
print(x)
```
- index lists
```
list = ["a", "b"]
print(list(1))
```
Python
- If
  - execute a block of code if a specific condition is true
    if x > 0: print("a")
- Elif
  - to specify additional conditions to check if the previous conditions are false
    if x < 0: print("a") elif x > 1: print("b")
- Else conditionals
  - execute a block of code if all of the previous conditions are false
    if x < 0: print("a") elif x > 1: print("b") else: print("c")
- Nested Selection Statements
  - control structures that contain other control structures within them
    if x > 0: if b > 0: print("c")
- For
  - used to execute a block of code multiple times
    or i in range(1, 10): print(i)
- While
  - execute a block of code repeatedly until a certain condition is met
    x = 0 while x <= 10: print(x) x += 1
  - lists
    x = [1,2,3] i = 0 while i <= len(x): print(x[i]) i += 1
Combining loops with conditionals to Break, Continue
- Break: break is used to exit a loop early
- Continue: used to skip the rest of the current iteration and move on to the next one
```
while y > 0:
if x == 0:
  break
if x == 1:
  continue 
```
Procedural Abstraction
- abstract away the details of how the task is performed, making your code easier to read and maintain, more efficient code
Python Def procedures
- how procedures are made with the def word
```
def func(x):
print("a = " + x)
func("b")
```
Parameters
- values that are passed to the procedure when it is called, defined within the parentheses of the procedure definition
```
def add(x,y):
print(x+y)
add(1,2)
```
Return Values
- value that is returned can be used by the calling code to perform additional tasks or to assign to a variable
```
def sub(x,y):
z = x - y
return z
print(sub(2,1))
```